I had forgot about the weld, I had to go back to the beginning of the thread to see the weld picture, I see now the latest second picture of the steering arm is not of your tractor's arm, it is just a steering arm.
To free the tie rod end I would set up a jack (or solid blocking), under the arm, as close to the tie rod end as possible to prevent movement and take arm deflection away. Run a nut (use a regular nut if yours has a stop or castle nut) down close, or flush, with the end of the ball stud treads, it only needs a tiny gap between the nut and arm. Strike a few hammer blows horizontal on the end of the arm while prying down on the tie rod (always close to the socket), sometimes that is all it takes. If that doesn't work, I would try striking straight down on the nut while prying down on the tie rod, after making sure the arm was still blocked solidly. If you have an oxy/act torch, wrap the joint boot in a wet rag and put some quick heat to the top of the arm at the thinnest area around the stud.
There are a number of other methods, the "pickle" fork is one (those can destroy the rubber boot). A bearing separator and puller can make a press to push on the stud. More suggestions will likely be coming.
I would cut/grind the weld away and try to save the arm on the chance it is salvageable, you know the spindle is junk so it won't hurt if you gouge into it. True the arm may be the problem, but it could be the key or the spindle.
I have been lucky in that the ones I've replaced had loaders with down pressure and were able to lift the front high enough to change the spindles. We got them up with the bucket and blocking, then put a big jackstand or blocking under the axle on the broken side. In your case it may be easier for you to block the tractor up and pull the knee off.