Hi, the pump could be timed 180* out because the 14* TDC on the crank pulley will align with the pointer both on the compression stroke and the exhaust stroke.
There is no easy way on a Diesel engine to tell if you are on the compression or exhaust stroke without pulling an injector on #1 cylinder or removing the valve cover and looking at which valves are closed.
That is the reason that it is very important that before removing a pump the timing marks are aligned properly.
You have two options, scribe marks on the pump drive hub and the drive gear, remove the three bolts in the drive hub and turn the drive hub one revolution in the direction of pump travel until the scribe marks align
and re-install bolts OR follow the procedure in the attached photo, for your 574 you will be looking for the #4 on the bottom left corn on the timing gear.
If I recall correctly when pump is timed properly the keyway in the pump drive shaft will be about in the 11 O'clock position although I can't find my note on that.
Are you aware of the positions on the STOP/START/RUN lever? See photo of Bosch VA pump, the STOP/START/RUN cable has to be adjusted so in the STOP position the fuel control lever is in the RED line position, for Cold
STARTs or starting engine after bleeding fuel lines, the START position is the BLUE line with the lever just touching the end of the extended plunger, RUN is the GREEN line and lever is fully forward touching the
adjustment screw.
A D-239 can be a bit of a PITA to bleed and get started after any kind of loss of fuel from the lines or filter changes or opening the window on the fuel pump.
Hints:
1) Make sure there is about 3/4 of a tank of Diesel fuel in the tank as these tractors have no inline fuel pump and rely on gravity feed.
You can use a clean rag and an air gun to slightly pressurize the fuel tank.
2) Open bleed screws at top of primary fuel filter and let fuel flow until air bubble free, repeat for secondary fuel filter.
3) With STOP/START/RUN lever in START position attempt to start engine, NEVER CRANK THE STARTER FOR TOO LONG at a time or it will overheat, let it cool between attempts.
4) If #3 fails to start then loosen two injector lines at the rear of the pump and crank engine until fuel dribbles out, then tighten the lines and see if it will start.